Research Paper — 2024

Kernelized Vector Storage
Pointer Compression Techniques

Two novel techniques — Tiny Pointers (offset-based) and Kernelized Squashing (kernel function-based) — that compress pointer representations to achieve up to 60% memory savings with O(1) operations and improved cache performance.

Up to 50%
Tiny Pointer Memory
Up to 60%
Kernel Squash Memory
O(1)
Time Complexity
2× density
Cache Improvement

How It Works

Two complementary techniques for memory-efficient pointer representation, each designed for different memory layout scenarios.

Memory Compression

Reduces pointer storage by storing offsets relative to a base address instead of full 64-bit pointers, achieving up to 50% memory savings.

O(1) Operations

Both compression and decompression execute in constant time using simple arithmetic, making Tiny Pointers suitable for performance-critical paths.

Cache Efficiency

Smaller data structures mean 2× more pointers per cache line, improving L1/L2/L3 hit rates by 3-5 percentage points across workloads.

Kernelized Squashing

Mathematical kernel functions (Linear, Polynomial, RBF, Sigmoid) compress pointers into compact hash table identifiers for flexible layouts.

Thread Safe

Designed for multi-threaded environments with thread-local base addresses and safe concurrent compression/decompression operations.

Energy Efficient

Reduced memory bandwidth translates to approximately 12% lower energy consumption in memory-intensive workloads.

Tiny Pointers Benchmarks

Performance comparison between regular pointers and Tiny Pointers across common workloads.

Sequential Traversal9.0% faster
Regular0.012345s
Tiny Pointers0.011234s
Multi-Threaded (4T)14.0% faster
Regular0.008901s
Tiny Pointers0.007654s
Graph Algorithm10.0% faster
Regular0.015000s
Tiny Pointers0.013500s
Tree Operations15.0% faster
Regular0.018000s
Tiny Pointers0.015300s
Linked List8.0% faster
Regular0.011000s
Tiny Pointers0.010120s
Regular Pointers
Tiny Pointers
Regular (64-bit)8 MB
Tiny (64-bit)8 MB
Tiny (32-bit)4 MB
Squashed IDs4 MB
Squashed+Table4.5 MB

Per 1 million pointers — 50% savings with squashed IDs, ~44% including table

Kernelized Squashing Performance

Kernel functions transform pointer addresses into compact identifiers. Compare Linear, Polynomial, RBF, and Sigmoid kernels across key metrics.

Kernel Function Timing

Linear
K(x, y) = x · y
Polynomial
K(x, y) = (x · y + c)ᵈ
RBF
K(x, y) = exp(−γ‖x − y‖²)
Sigmoid
K(x, y) = tanh(αx · y + c)
Linear0.001234s · 81,000 ops/s
Polynomial0.001456s · 68,700 ops/s
RBF0.001789s · 55,900 ops/s
Sigmoid0.001567s · 63,800 ops/s
Linear fastest|100K pointers, 75% load factor|Same memory for all kernels

Technique Memory Comparison

Regular Pointers8 bytes/pointer
Tiny Pointers (64-bit offset)8 bytes/pointer
Tiny Pointers (32-bit offset)4 bytes/pointer
Kernel Squashed (IDs only)4 bytes/ID
Kernel Squashed (with table)~11.2 MB / 100K
Per 1M pointersUp to 60% savings in pointer-dense apps

Break-even Analysis

Kernel Squashing achieves net memory savings when pointer density exceeds ~10,000 pointers. At lower densities, hash table overhead outweighs compression gains. With reverse mapping optimization, decompression achieves O(1) at the cost of additional table storage.

Up to 60%
Memory Savings
O(1)
Avg Compression
4
Kernel Types
81K ops/s
Throughput

Read the Paper

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